Study military rivalries, including the arms race, NATO, Warsaw Pact and the space race including Sputnik, ICBMs, Polaris, Gagarin and Apollo.

Evidence focus: Part two: The development of the Cold War in BC Conflict and tension between East and West, 1945-1972 (Paper 1 Section B: Wider world depth studies) provides the direct anchor for this learning objective. Students focus on Study military rivalries, including the arms race, NATO, Warsaw Pact and the space race including Sputnik, ICBMs, Polaris, Gagarin and Apollo. The explanation should use the subtopic wording, the relevant period, named events or individuals where appropriate, and precise historical evidence. It should then separate cause from consequence, change from continuity, and significance from importance while keeping sources, interpretations, evidence and opinion distinct.