Study regional instability, including consequences of the Iran-Iraq War, western and Russian interests in Iran and Iraq, oil-supply threats and Israeli-Palestinian conflict contributions to Gulf tension and global-terrorism motives.

Chronology anchor: Part one: Tensions in the Gulf in BE Conflict and tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990-2009 (Paper 1 Section B: Wider world depth studies) provides the direct anchor for this learning objective. Students focus on Study regional instability, including consequences of the Iran-Iraq War, western and Russian interests in Iran and Iraq, oil-supply threats and Israeli-Palestinian conflict contributions to Gulf tension and global-terrorism motives. The explanation should use the subtopic wording, the relevant period, named events or individuals where appropriate, and precise historical evidence. It should then separate cause from consequence, change from continuity, and significance from importance while keeping sources, interpretations, evidence and opinion distinct.