Study modern treatment of disease, including the pharmaceutical industry, penicillin discovery by Fleming and development, new diseases and treatments, antibiotic resistance and alternative treatments.

Chronology anchor: Part four: Modern medicine in AA Britain: Health and the people: c1000 to the present day (Paper 2 Section A: Thematic studies) provides the direct anchor for this learning objective. Students focus on Study modern treatment of disease, including the pharmaceutical industry, penicillin discovery by Fleming and development, new diseases and treatments, antibiotic resistance and alternative treatments. The explanation should use the subtopic wording, the relevant period, named events or individuals where appropriate, and precise historical evidence. It should then separate cause from consequence, change from continuity, and significance from importance while keeping sources, interpretations, evidence and opinion distinct.