Study the impact of war and technology on surgery, including plastic surgery, blood transfusions, X-rays, transplant surgery, lasers, radiation therapy and keyhole surgery.

Historical judgement: Part four: Modern medicine in AA Britain: Health and the people: c1000 to the present day (Paper 2 Section A: Thematic studies) provides the direct anchor for this learning objective. Students focus on Study the impact of war and technology on surgery, including plastic surgery, blood transfusions, X-rays, transplant surgery, lasers, radiation therapy and keyhole surgery. The explanation should use the subtopic wording, the relevant period, named events or individuals where appropriate, and precise historical evidence. It should then separate cause from consequence, change from continuity, and significance from importance while keeping sources, interpretations, evidence and opinion distinct.