Topic 1: Hazardous Earth Study Guide

Tropical cyclones are intense low-pressure weather systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are characterised by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges, posing significant hazards to coastal areas. Their formation requires specific conditions: sea temperatures above 26.5°C to a depth of at least 50 metres, rapid cooling with height in the atmosphere, high humidity, low wind shear, and sufficient Coriolis force to create rotation, typically forming between 5° and 30° latitude north and south of the equator. The energy for these storms comes from the latent heat released when moist air condenses. As they move over land, they lose energy, weaken, and dissipate. The impacts can be devastating, including widespread flooding, destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, and long-term economic disruption. Human responses encompass prediction and monitoring, warning systems, evacuation plans, and long-term mitigation strategies like sea defences and building codes to reduce vulnerability.