Option 13: Migrants in Britain, c800–present and Notting Hill, c1948–c1970 Study Guide

The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act marked a significant shift in British immigration policy, moving away from unrestricted entry for Commonwealth citizens towards a more controlled system based on employment vouchers. This legislation was a direct response to increasing public and political pressure for tighter immigration controls, particularly as the number of migrants from the 'New Commonwealth' (primarily Caribbean, Indian subcontinent, and African nations) grew in the post-war period. The Act introduced a three-tier voucher system, prioritising those with specific jobs secured in Britain, those with recognised skills, and other applicants on a first-come, first-served basis. While ostensibly designed to manage the flow of labour, critics argued it was discriminatory, effectively limiting non-white immigration. The Act had an immediate consequence of prompting a rush of migrants to enter Britain before its implementation, and in the longer term, it led to reduced primary immigration from the Commonwealth, but an increase in dependents joining relatives already settled.

The Notting Hill riots of late August 1958 were a series of racially-motivated disturbances predominantly targeting Caribbean migrants. Tensions had escalated in the area due to overcrowding, competition for housing and jobs, and growing resentment fueled by racist attitudes. Violence erupted following an attack on a white woman associated with a Black man and soon involved white youths attacking Caribbean residents and their properties. The riots highlighted the deep-seated racial prejudice present in Britain and led to increased calls for racial equality legislation. While the immediate aftermath saw continued racial discrimination, the events also contributed to greater awareness and eventual political action, notably the passing of the Race Relations Act in 1965.