Topic 2: Memory Study Guide

The Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM), proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, describes memory as a series of three distinct stores: the sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information from the environment first enters the sensory register, which has a very large capacity but a very short duration (milliseconds). If attention is paid to this information, it then moves into short-term memory. STM has a limited capacity (around 7 ± 2 items) and a limited duration (about 18-30 seconds). To maintain information in STM or to transfer it to LTM, rehearsal, specifically maintenance rehearsal, is required. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves deeper processing and making connections, is more effective for long-term storage. Long-term memory has a potentially unlimited capacity and duration. For information to be used from LTM, it must be retrieved back into STM. The model suggests a linear flow of information, acting as a foundational theory in cognitive psychology, although it has faced criticism for its oversimplification of memory processes.

Amnesia involves memory loss that can be caused by brain injury, disease, or psychological trauma. There are two primary types: retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia refers to difficulty recalling information and events that occurred before the onset of the amnesia. This can range from forgetting a few specific memories to a complete loss of personal history. Anterograde amnesia, conversely, is the inability to form new memories after the onset of the amnesia. Individuals with this condition can generally recall past events but struggle significantly with learning new information or remembering recent experiences. Both types of amnesia can severely impact an individual's daily life and ability to function independently.