Polymers (A-level only) revision notes

Polymers: Addition and Condensation

Key Concepts

• Addition Polymerization: This process involves the joining of monomers with unsaturated bonds (like alkenes) to form long-chain polymers. The reaction typically requires an initiator to start the process.
• Condensation Polymerization: In this type, monomers join together with the elimination of a small molecule, often water. Common examples include polyesters and polyamides.

Drawing Repeating Units

• Polyesters: Formed from diols and dicarboxylic acids. The repeating unit can be derived from the monomers by removing the water molecule formed during the reaction.
• Polyamides: Created from diamines and dicarboxylic acids. Similar to polyesters, the repeating unit is obtained by considering the structure of the monomers and the elimination of water.

Hydrolysis of Condensation Polymers

• Hydrolysis involves breaking down the polymer back into its monomers by adding water. This reaction is crucial for understanding the degradation of polymers in the environment.

Disposal and Biodegradability

• The disposal of polymers poses significant environmental challenges. Biodegradable polymers are designed to break down more easily in natural environments, reducing pollution and waste.