From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only) key terms

Covenanters

Scottish Presbyterians who opposed the English Parliament's attempts to impose Anglican practices in Scotland.

New Model Army

The disciplined military force created by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War, known for its effectiveness under Cromwell.

Republicanism

A political ideology that emphasizes the role of the citizen in governance and the rejection of monarchy.

Fifth Monarchists

A radical religious group during the English Civil War that believed in the imminent establishment of Christ's kingdom on Earth.

Protectorate

The period of governance in England from 1653 to 1659 when Oliver Cromwell served as Lord Protector, characterized by military rule and Puritanical reforms.

Major-Generals

Military leaders appointed by Cromwell to govern regions of England during the Protectorate, responsible for enforcing laws and maintaining order.

Cabal

A group of ministers who advised Charles II, known for their diverse backgrounds and influence in government.

Clarendon Code

A series of laws passed in the 1660s aimed at regulating religious practices and establishing the Church of England's authority.

Interregnum

The period between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the restoration of Charles II in 1660, characterized by the absence of a monarchy.

Tories and Whigs

Political factions that emerged later in the 17th century, with Tories generally supporting royal authority and Whigs advocating for parliamentary power.

Anglicanism

The tradition within Christianity represented by the Church of England, which was re-established during the Restoration.

Commonwealth

The republican government established after the English Civil War, lasting from 1649 to 1660, which abolished the monarchy.