The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only) revision notes

Overview

The period from 1678 to 1702 was pivotal in shaping the constitutional monarchy in England. Key events such as the Exclusion Crisis, the Glorious Revolution, and the subsequent reign of William and Mary marked significant shifts in power dynamics between the Crown and Parliament.

Key Events and Themes

Exclusion Crisis

• Aims and Methods: The Exclusion Crisis aimed to prevent James II from ascending the throne due to his Catholic faith. This period saw intense political maneuvering and the emergence of political factions.
• Failure: Despite the efforts of Whigs and some Tories, the crisis ultimately failed, leading to James II's reign.

James II and Absolutism

• Attempts at Absolutism: James II's attempts to consolidate power and restore Catholicism faced resistance from Parliament and the public, highlighting the tensions between monarchy and parliamentary authority.

The Glorious Revolution

• Causes: The dissatisfaction with James II's rule, particularly his religious policies and disregard for parliamentary governance, led to the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
• Nature and Consolidation: The revolution established William and Mary as co-monarchs, marking a shift towards a constitutional monarchy.

Political Divisions

• Emergence of Whigs and Tories: The political landscape transformed with the rise of the Whigs and Tories, each representing different interests and ideologies within the political nation.

Government under William and Mary

• Political Parties and Ministers: The new regime emphasized the importance of political parties and ministers in governance, altering the relationship between the Crown and Parliament.
• Limited Monarchy: The development of a limited monarchy became evident as Parliament gained more power and influence.

Condition of Britain by 1702

• Act of Settlement: This act was significant in determining the succession of the monarchy and ensuring a Protestant line.
• Balance of Power: By 1702, the balance of power had shifted, with Parliament asserting greater authority over the Crown, alongside the evolving religious landscape involving Anglicans, Protestants, and Catholics.