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The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531

the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531: The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531

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88 min

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AqaA LevelHistory2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only)

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The Protestant challenge, 1521–15314 objectives

The spread of radical reformation: Carstadt and the Zwickau prophets; Luther's relations with radicals and humanists.
The development of protestant doctrine: Luther, Melancthon and Zwingli.
The revolt of the Imperial Knights and the peasants' war: causes and outcomes; part played by Lutheranism and Luther's reaction; Luther's pamphlets of 1525; imperial diets, princes and cities; Lutheran-Catholic negotiations including the 1530 Augsburg Confession.
The Reformation in the Swiss Confederacy; the Kappel wars; support and opposition; Lutheran-Zwinglian negotiations; the state of the Church by 1531.

Radical ReformationErasmusSola FideAugsburg ConfessionLutheranismImperial KnightsZwinglianismKappel Wars

Use primary sources to support your arguments: When discussing figures like Luther or Müntzer, reference their writings or speeches to illustrate their beliefs and impact.
Use primary sources to support your arguments: In your essays, reference primary texts from Luther, Melanchthon, and Zwingli to illustrate their theological positions.

Confusing radical reformers with mainstream reformers: It's important to distinguish between the radical calls for social change and the more theological focus of mainstream reformers.
Confusing Zwingli and Luther's views on the Eucharist: Clearly differentiate between Zwingli's view that the Eucharist is merely symbolic and Luther's view that Christ is truly present 'in, with, and under' the bread and wine.

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