Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only) revision notes

Key Developments in British Politics (1987-1997)

The Fall of Thatcher and Her Legacy

Margaret Thatcher's resignation in 1990 marked a pivotal moment in British politics. Her policies, often termed 'Thatcherism', left a complex legacy that influenced her successors. The economic challenges, particularly the recession of the early 1990s, led to a decline in Conservative popularity.

Major as Leader

John Major succeeded Thatcher and faced significant challenges, including economic turmoil exemplified by 'Black Wednesday' in 1992, when the pound was forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Major's leadership was characterized by attempts to unify the party, but he struggled with divisions and scandals that plagued his government.

Economic Developments

The economic landscape of the early 1990s was tumultuous. 'Black Wednesday' not only impacted the economy but also the public's perception of the Conservative government. Major's attempts at economic recovery were met with skepticism, and the party's reputation suffered.

Political Sleaze and Scandals

The 1990s were marred by political scandals, including allegations of corruption and sleaze within the Conservative Party. These issues eroded public trust and contributed to the party's decline leading up to the 1997 election.

Labour's Realignment

Under leaders like Neil Kinnock, John Smith, and Tony Blair, the Labour Party underwent significant changes, moving towards a more centrist position. This realignment was crucial in appealing to a broader electorate, ultimately leading to their victory in 1997.

Social Issues and Liberalism

The period saw a rise in social liberalism, with increasing focus on issues such as women's rights and race relations. The anti-establishment culture also gained traction, reflecting a shift in public sentiment.

Foreign Affairs

Britain's foreign policy during this period included significant events such as the impact of the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty, which shaped relations with Europe. Additionally, interventions in the Balkans and a changing attitude towards the end of the Cold War marked a new era in British foreign affairs.