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Research methods
Research methods belongs to Paper 2 Psychology in Context in AQA A-Level Psychology 7182 and should be revised as a set of examinable arguments, not as disconnected definitions. Context: the topic asks students to combine AO1 knowledge, AO2 application and AO3 evaluation across short-answer and extended-writing formats. Key concept: every answer should identify the psychological process, theory, method or debate before applying it to a scenario, data set or evaluative prompt. Named study/example: use a named psychological study, model, method or application example where it fits, then explain the evidence claim, the method used to obtain it and the limitation that affects interpretation. Evaluation: strong responses weigh validity, reliability, ethics, cultural bias, reductionism, determinism, sampling and real-world application instead of adding undeveloped criticism. Exam focus: link each paragraph to the command word, separate description from evaluation, and use AQA terminology from the relevant learning objective. Common mistake: students often describe the whole topic. A stronger answer selects the precise concept, supports it with evidence and makes a direct judgement about what the evidence allows psychologists to conclude.
26
Objectives
10
Flashcards
10
Questions
90 min
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Syllabus checklist
What you need to know
26 objective pages available
Scientific processes9 objectives
- Explain the experimental method, including laboratory, field, natural and quasi-experiments.
- Explain observational techniques, including naturalistic, controlled, covert, overt, participant and non-participant observation.
- Explain self-report techniques, including questionnaires and structured or unstructured interviews.
- Explain correlations and distinguish correlations from experiments.
- Explain content analysis and case studies as research methods.
- Distinguish aims from hypotheses and directional from non-directional hypotheses.
- Explain sampling methods, including random, systematic, stratified, opportunity and volunteer sampling, and their implications for bias and generalisation.
- Explain experimental design, observational design, questionnaire construction, interview design, pilot studies, control, standardisation, ethical issues, reliability and validity.
- Explain features of science, including objectivity, replication, theory construction, hypothesis testing, peer review and the implications of psychological research for the economy.
Data handling and analysis10 objectives
- Distinguish quantitative and qualitative data and their collection techniques.
- Distinguish primary data from secondary data, including meta-analysis.
- Calculate and interpret measures of central tendency, including mean, median and mode.
- Calculate and interpret measures of dispersion, including range and standard deviation.
- Calculate percentages and interpret positive, negative and zero correlations.
- Present quantitative data using graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar charts and histograms.
- Explain normal and skewed distributions.
- Analyse and interpret correlations, including correlation coefficients.
- Distinguish nominal, ordinal and interval levels of measurement.
- Explain coding in content analysis.
Inferential testing7 objectives
- Explain the purpose of statistical testing.
- Explain when to use the sign test and how to calculate it.
- Use probability, statistical tables and critical values to interpret significance.
- Distinguish Type I errors from Type II errors.
- Explain how level of measurement affects the choice of statistical test.
- Explain how experimental design affects the choice of statistical test.
- Identify when to use Spearman's rho, Pearson's r, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, related t-test, unrelated t-test and Chi-Squared test.
Key terms
Exam tips
- Structure Your Answers: Begin with a clear definition, give a concise example, then discuss strengths and weaknesses before concluding.
- Use the ‘What‑Why‑How’ Structure: When answering questions about observational techniques, first state the technique (What), explain its purpose (Why), and then describe how it is implemented (How).
Common mistakes
- Confusing Field and Natural Experiments: Clarify that field experiments involve deliberate manipulation in a real‑world context, whereas natural experiments rely on naturally occurring events with no researcher control over the independent variable.
- Confusing Covert with Overt Observation: Covert observation is defined by the lack of participant awareness, not by the use of technology. The researcher can remain physically present but hidden, or use discreet recording devices.
Practice preview
- Which of the following best describes a laboratory experiment?
- Explain the main difference between a field experiment and a natural experiment.
- A researcher wants to study the effect of sleep deprivation on memory. They recruit 60 participants, randomly assign 30 to a sleep‑deprivation group (no sleep for 24 h) and 30 to a normal‑sleep group (8 h sleep). After the manipulation, all participants complete a word‑list recall test. Identify which type of experiment this is and discuss one strength and one limitation.
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