Section B: The changing economic world key terms

economic development

The progress in an economy, reflected in improvements in living standards, income levels, and overall quality of life.

quality of life

The general well-being of individuals and societies, encompassing material wealth, health, education, and environmental conditions.

GNI per head

Gross National Income divided by the population, indicating the average income per person in a country.

HDI

Human Development Index, a composite measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators used to rank countries.

economic development measures

Quantitative indicators used to assess the economic progress of a country, such as GNI per head and HDI.

social development measures

Indicators that reflect the quality of life and social well-being in a country, including literacy rate and access to safe water.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the stages of population change over time, reflecting changes in birth and death rates as a country develops.

level of development

A measure of a country's economic and social progress, often assessed through indicators such as income, education, and health.

uneven development

The disparity in economic growth and quality of life between different regions or countries.

economic development

The process of improving the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by increasing the wealth and resources available.

uneven development

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities across different regions, leading to disparities in wealth and quality of life.

disparities in health

Differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services among populations, often influenced by economic and social factors.

development gap

The disparity in levels of economic development and quality of life between different regions or countries.

microfinance loans

Small loans provided to individuals or groups in developing countries to promote entrepreneurship and reduce poverty.

LIC

Low-Income Country, a nation with a gross national income (GNI) per capita below a certain threshold, indicating lower levels of economic development.

NEE

Newly Emerging Economy, a country experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialization, often transitioning from low-income to middle-income status.

TNC

In The changing economic world, TNC means transnational Corporation, a company that operates in multiple countries. This matters in Section B: The changing economic world because it supports the learning objective to use one LIC or NEE case study to explain location, importance, context, industrial structure, manufacturing, TNCs, trade relationships, aid, environmental impacts and quality of life change. Use TNC only in this subtopic-relevant sense so the definition stays concise, evidence-aware, and useful for AQA GCSE Geography 8035 revision.

quality of life

The general well-being of individuals and societies, encompassing health, comfort, and happiness.

de-industrialisation

The process of declining industrial activity in a region or economy, often leading to job losses and economic change.

globalisation

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale, affecting economic change.

post-industrial economy

An economy characterized by a shift from manufacturing-based industries to service-oriented sectors such as information technology, finance, and research.

service industries

Economic sectors that provide services to consumers and businesses, including finance, healthcare, education, and hospitality.

environmentally sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

modern industrial development

The process of advancing industries through new technologies and practices that enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

population growth

An increase in the number of individuals in a population, often leading to changes in social and economic dynamics.

population decline

A decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which can result in economic challenges and social changes in rural areas.

infrastructure development

The process of improving and expanding the physical structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society, including transportation systems like roads and railways.

transport capacity

The maximum amount of goods or passengers that can be transported by a transport system, such as roads, railways, ports, or airports, within a given time frame.

north-south divide

The economic and social disparity between the more developed northern regions and the less developed southern regions.

regional strategies

Approaches implemented to address and reduce economic and social differences between regions.

wider-world links

Connections between the UK and other countries through trade, culture, transport, and communication.

trade

In The changing economic world, trade means the exchange of goods and services between countries, contributing to economic relationships. This matters in Section B: The changing economic world because it supports the learning objective to explain the UK's wider-world links through trade, culture, transport, electronic communication, the EU and the Commonwealth. Use trade only in this subtopic-relevant sense so the definition stays concise, evidence-aware, and useful for AQA GCSE Geography 8035 revision.