What is the equation for calculating change in thermal energy?

The correct answer is change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change.

Definition lens: Give the precise definition, then add a context sentence that shows how it is used. This question asks: What is the equation for calculating change in thermal energy. The correct response is change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change, because density links mass and volume, so the answer must preserve which quantity is being calculated. In Temperature changes in a system and specific heat capacity, the marking point should connect directly to recall and apply the equation change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change. If the question includes values, the working must keep the appropriate unit and operation; if it is an explanation, it must name the relevant particle behaviour or energy change. This item belongs to Internal energy and energy transfers, so avoid answers that switch to a different quantity, confuse heat with temperature, or describe gas pressure without collisions when collisions are the reason. Checkpoint 282 is distinct because it uses this exact question context and the definition lens rather than a generic particle-model sentence.