Limited companies

Discuss the pros and cons of running a limited company. Comprehend the concept of limited liability. Recognize the definition of equity. Understand the capital structure of a limited company, which includes preference share capital, ordinary share capital, general reserves, and retained earnings. Differentiate between issued, called-up, and paid-up share capital. Distinguish between share capital (both preference and ordinary shares) and loan capital (debentures). Prepare income statements, statements of changes in equity, and statements of financial position. Make necessary adjustments to financial statements as outlined in section 5.1 (sole traders). Note that understanding of cumulative and non-cumulative preference shares, rights issues, share premium, or capital redemption reserve is not required, but candidates should be aware of the difference between redeemable and non-redeemable preference shares.