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Chromosomes, genes and proteins
Identify that chromosomes consist of DNA, which holds genetic information in the form of genes.
12
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120
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90 min
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CambridgeIGCSEBiologyInheritance
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Chromosomes, genes and proteins outcomes12 objectives
- Identify that chromosomes consist of DNA, which holds genetic information in the form of genes.
- Clarify that a gene is a segment of DNA that encodes a protein.
- Clarify that an allele is a different version of a gene.
- Explain how sex is inherited in humans, focusing on X and Y chromosomes.
- Identify that the order of bases in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a specific protein (detailed knowledge of nucleotide structure is not necessary).
- Clarify that variations in amino acid sequences lead to different proteins.
- Explain that DNA regulates cell functions by controlling protein production, including enzymes, membrane carriers, and neurotransmitter receptors.
- Describe the process of protein synthesis, including: the gene remains in the nucleus, mRNA is a gene copy, mRNA is produced in the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm, mRNA passes through ribosomes, and ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins, with the amino acid sequence determined by the mRNA base sequence (detailed knowledge of transcription or translation is not required).
- Explain that while most body cells contain the same genes, many genes are not expressed in a specific cell because it only produces the proteins it requires.
- Define a haploid nucleus as one that has a single set of chromosomes.
- Define a diploid nucleus as one that contains two sets of chromosomes.
- Identify that a diploid cell has pairs of each type of chromosome, with humans having 23 pairs in a diploid cell.
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