Acids, bases and salts

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Sample objectives

What this unit covers

• The characteristic properties of acids and bases: Explain the key properties of acids based on their reactions with metals, bases, and carbonates.
• The characteristic properties of acids and bases: Explain how acids affect litmus, thymolphthalein, and methyl orange indicators.
• Oxides: Categorize oxides into acidic types, such as SO2 and CO2, or basic types, like CuO and CaO, based on their metallic and non-metallic properties.
• Oxides: Explain that amphoteric oxides are those that can react with both acids and bases to form a salt and water.
• Preparation of salts: Explain how to prepare, separate, and purify soluble salts through the reaction of an acid with: (a) an alkali using titration, (b) excess metal, (c) excess insoluble base, and (d) excess insoluble carbonate.
• Preparation of salts: Summarize the general solubility rules for salts, noting that: (a) sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble, (b) nitrates are soluble, (c) chlorides are soluble except for lead and silver, (d) sulfates are soluble except for barium, calcium, and lead, (e) carbonates are insoluble except for sodium, potassium, and ammonium, and (f) hydroxides are insoluble except for sodium, potassium, ammonium, and partially calcium.