Coasts

Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge of how the sea and wind contribute to the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition. They should describe and explain how various landforms such as cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps, bay and headland coastlines, beaches, spits, and coastal sand dunes are formed through these processes. Additionally, students should describe coral reefs and mangrove swamps, including the conditions necessary for their development. They must also understand that coasts can pose hazards, such as coastal erosion and tropical storms, while also providing opportunities for human activities. Students should explain management strategies for mitigating the effects of coastal erosion. A case study is required to illustrate the opportunities, associated hazards, and their management in a specific coastal area.