Christian philosophy and ethics Study Guide

Many people throughout history and across cultures have pondered fundamental questions about existence: Is there a God? If so, what is God like? Or, if not a personal God, what is the 'ultimate reality' that underpins everything? This area of study in Religious Studies explores these profound inquiries, delving into various philosophical and theological concepts. It involves examining different perspectives, including religious beliefs, atheism (the belief that no God exists), and agnosticism (the view that the existence of God or ultimate reality is unknown or unknowable). Understanding this topic requires exploring arguments for and against the existence of God, such as the Cosmological Argument (which suggests an initial cause for the universe), the Teleological Argument (which points to design in nature), and the Ontological Argument (which attempts to prove God's existence from His very concept). It also involves considering the Problem of Evil, which questions how an all-good, all-powerful God can exist alongside suffering. Furthermore, human experiences, like religious experiences or a sense of awe and wonder, are often cited as evidence or reasons for belief. This study encourages critical thinking about these complex ideas and the diverse ways humans seek meaning and understanding in the universe.

Violence and conflict are pervasive themes throughout history and modern society, touching upon ethical, moral, and religious considerations. In Religious Studies, exploring these concepts involves understanding various forms of conflict, from interpersonal disputes to global warfare, and examining the diverse religious responses to them. This theme requires considering why conflicts arise, the roles that religion can play both in inciting and resolving conflict, and the ethical dilemmas inherent in using violence. Key aspects include the justifications for war (e.g., 'just war' theory in Christianity, 'holy war' in Islam), the concept of pacifism and conscientious objection, and the importance of peace and reconciliation. Learners must be able to analyse and evaluate different religious perspectives on these issues, considering sacred texts, teachings, and the actions of religious leaders and communities. This objective also involves developing skills to explain complex arguments, apply religious teachings to contemporary situations, and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to violence and conflict.