The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890 revision notes

Overview of British Imperialism

The period from 1857 to 1890 marked a significant expansion of the British Empire, particularly in Africa and Asia. Understanding this era involves examining the motivations behind imperialism, the policies enacted, and the reactions from both the British public and indigenous populations.

Key Themes

Expansion in Africa

• The Scramble for Africa was driven by economic interests, national prestige, and strategic considerations.
• Key events include the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) which formalized European claims to African territories.

The Suez Canal and Egypt

• The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, was crucial for trade routes to India and Asia, enhancing British control over Egypt.
• British occupation of Egypt in 1882 was justified by the need to protect trade interests.

Imperial and Colonial Policy

• The administration of India post-1857 highlighted the complexities of colonial governance and the impact of the Indian Mutiny.
• Policies were often influenced by the need to maintain order and exploit resources.

Role of Explorers and Missionaries

• Explorers like Livingstone and missionaries played significant roles in shaping British attitudes towards Africa and justifying imperialism.
• Their narratives often emphasized the 'civilizing mission' of empire.

Attitudes Towards Imperialism

• Public opinion in Britain was divided; some viewed imperialism as a moral duty, while others criticized it as exploitative.
• Political parties had differing views on imperial policy, influencing debates in Parliament.

Relations with Indigenous Peoples

• The impact of imperialism on indigenous populations was profound, leading to conflicts such as the Indian Mutiny and tensions with the Boers in South Africa.
• Understanding these relationships is crucial for evaluating the consequences of British imperialism.