Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only) key terms

Ratification

The formal approval process of the Articles of Confederation by the thirteen states, which required the consent of all states to become effective.

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; a key issue during the drafting of the Articles of Confederation, as states sought to maintain their independence.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, which established a weak federal government.

Constitutional Convention

The 1787 meeting in Philadelphia where the U.S. Constitution was drafted to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Constitution

The supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of government and the rights of citizens.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual liberties and rights.

Ratification

The official approval of the Constitution by the states, which required nine out of thirteen states to agree.

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states.