The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792 revision notes

Overview of the Constitutional Monarchy Experiment

The period from 1789 to 1792 was marked by significant political upheaval in France, as the nation transitioned from absolute monarchy to a constitutional framework. This era witnessed the rise of revolutionary fervor, the establishment of new political structures, and the eventual collapse of the constitutional monarchy.

Key Developments

The Revolution (May-October 1789)

• Versailles and Paris: The Estates-General convened in May 1789, leading to the formation of the National Assembly. The storming of the Bastille on July 14 symbolized the uprising against royal authority.
• The Great Fear: A wave of panic spread through the countryside in July and August, leading to peasant revolts against feudal lords.
• October Days: The Women's March on Versailles in October forced the royal family back to Paris, highlighting the growing power of the populace.

Attempts to Establish a Constitutional Monarchy

• Church Reforms: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790 aimed to bring the Church under state control, causing a rift between revolutionaries and religious factions.
• Political Reforms: The Constitution of 1791 established a limited monarchy, with a separation of powers and a Legislative Assembly.
• Judicial and Administrative Reforms: New legal frameworks were introduced, including the abolition of feudal privileges and the establishment of a more equitable legal system.
• Economic and Social Change: Efforts to stabilize the economy included the introduction of the assignat, a currency backed by confiscated church lands.

Reaction to Change

• Political Clubs: Groups like the Jacobins and Girondins emerged, representing different revolutionary ideologies and influencing public opinion.
• Flight to Varennes: In June 1791, King Louis XVI's attempted escape to Varennes undermined his credibility and fueled republican sentiments.
• Champs de Mars Demonstration: In July 1791, a demonstration demanding the abdication of the king led to violence, showcasing the tensions between revolutionary factions.
• Origins and Impact of War: The declaration of war against Austria in April 1792 was driven by fears of foreign intervention and the desire to spread revolutionary ideals.

Collapse of the Constitutional Experiment

• Sans-Culottes: The radical working-class movement played a crucial role in pushing for more extreme measures and the eventual downfall of the monarchy.
• September Massacres: In September 1792, fears of counter-revolution led to the execution of prisoners, marking a turning point in the revolution's radicalization.
• Elections to the National Convention: The establishment of the National Convention in September 1792 signaled the end of the constitutional monarchy and the beginning of a more radical phase of the revolution.