Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only) key terms

Personality Cult

A political and social phenomenon where a leader is presented as an extraordinary figure, often through propaganda, leading to an unquestioning loyalty from the populace.

Pragmatism

A practical approach to problems and affairs, emphasizing results and effectiveness over ideological purity, particularly in governance and policy-making.

Pragmatism

An approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application, particularly in economic policies.

Economic Reform

Changes implemented to improve the efficiency and productivity of the economy, often involving a shift from strict state control to more market-oriented practices.

Collectivization

The process of consolidating individual landholdings and labor into collective farms, which was a key aspect of Mao's economic policies.

Four Olds

Refers to old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas that Mao sought to eliminate during the Cultural Revolution.

Han Migration

The movement of Han Chinese people into regions like Xinjiang, often encouraged by the government to promote integration and control.

Border Conflict

Military confrontations that occurred between China and the Soviet Union, particularly over territorial disputes in the late 1960s.