The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only) revision notes

Gorbachev's Leadership

Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985. His leadership marked a significant shift in Soviet policy and international relations. Gorbachev introduced reforms known as *glasnost* (openness) and *perestroika* (restructuring), aimed at revitalizing the Soviet economy and society. These reforms were crucial in addressing the economic stagnation that plagued the USSR.

Pressures on Gorbachev

Gorbachev faced immense pressure both domestically and internationally. The Soviet economy was in decline, and there was growing discontent among the populace. Additionally, the arms race with the United States strained resources. Gorbachev's attempts to reduce military spending and engage in arms reduction talks were met with resistance from hardliners within the Communist Party.

Significance of Gorbachev's Reforms

The introduction of *glasnost* allowed for greater freedom of expression, which led to a surge in public discourse about political and social issues. This openness contributed to the rise of nationalist movements within the Soviet republics and Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, *perestroika* aimed to decentralize economic control, but it often led to confusion and further economic decline.

Gorbachev's willingness to engage with Western leaders, particularly during summits with Ronald Reagan, played a pivotal role in de-escalating Cold War tensions. His policies ultimately facilitated the collapse of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which had justified Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe, leading to the fall of Communist regimes across the region in 1989.