The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000 revision notes

Gorbachev's Leadership

Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, bringing a new vision for the USSR. His personality was marked by a blend of idealism and pragmatism, which influenced his policies. Gorbachev aimed to revitalize the Soviet economy and society through reforms known as perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness). He sought to reduce the oppressive nature of the regime and promote transparency.

Key Policies

• Perestroika: Aimed at economic restructuring, this policy sought to introduce market-like reforms to improve efficiency. However, it faced significant resistance and ultimately led to economic turmoil.
• Glasnost: This policy encouraged open discussion and criticism of the government, leading to a surge in public discourse but also revealing the deep-seated issues within Soviet society.
• Demokratizatsiya: Gorbachev's attempt to democratize the political system aimed to introduce multi-candidate elections, but it often resulted in chaos and a loss of control for the Communist Party.

Withdrawal from Afghanistan

Gorbachev's decision to withdraw Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989 was a significant step towards ending the Cold War. This move was part of his broader strategy to reduce military expenditures and improve relations with the West.

The Collapse of the USSR

Despite his intentions, Gorbachev's reforms led to increased nationalist movements and economic crises. The August 1991 coup attempt against him highlighted the instability of his leadership, culminating in his resignation and the eventual dissolution of the USSR in December 1991.