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Introductory topics in Psychology

Introductory topics in Psychology belongs to Paper 1 Introductory Topics in Psychology in AQA A-Level Psychology 7182 and should be revised as a set of examinable arguments, not as disconnected definitions. Context: the topic asks students to combine AO1 knowledge, AO2 application and AO3 evaluation across short-answer and extended-writing formats. Key concept: every answer should identify the psychological process, theory, method or debate before applying it to a scenario, data set or evaluative prompt. Named study/example: use a named psychological study, model, method or application example where it fits, then explain the evidence claim, the method used to obtain it and the limitation that affects interpretation. Evaluation: strong responses weigh validity, reliability, ethics, cultural bias, reductionism, determinism, sampling and real-world application instead of adding undeveloped criticism. Exam focus: link each paragraph to the command word, separate description from evaluation, and use AQA terminology from the relevant learning objective. Common mistake: students often describe the whole topic. A stronger answer selects the precise concept, supports it with evidence and makes a direct judgement about what the evidence allows psychologists to conclude.

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Objectives

10

Flashcards

10

Questions

90 min

Study time

AqaA LevelPsychologyPaper 1 Introductory Topics in Psychology

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Syllabus checklist

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0 objective pages available

Social influence5 objectives
  • Explain types of conformity including internalisation and compliance.
  • Explain conformity using informational social influence, normative social influence and variables investigated by Asch.
  • Explain obedience using agentic state, legitimacy of authority, Milgram's situational variables and the authoritarian personality.
  • Explain resistance to social influence using social support and locus of control.
  • Explain minority influence using consistency, commitment and flexibility.
Memory6 objectives
  • Describe the multi-store model of memory, including sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory.
  • Compare coding, capacity and duration in each store of the multi-store model.
  • Describe the working memory model, including the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer.
  • Explain forgetting using proactive interference, retroactive interference and retrieval failure from absence of cues.
  • Explain factors affecting eyewitness testimony, including leading questions, post-event discussion and anxiety.
  • Explain the use of the cognitive interview to improve eyewitness testimony.
Attachment8 objectives
  • Describe animal studies of attachment by Lorenz and Harlow.
  • Explain attachment using learning theory and Bowlby's monotropic theory.
  • Explain the concepts of a critical period and an internal working model.
  • Describe Ainsworth's Strange Situation and secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment types.
  • Explain cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn.
  • Explain Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation.
  • Explain effects of institutionalisation, including the English and Romanian Adoptees project.
  • Explain the influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships.
Clinical Psychology and Mental Health5 objectives
  • Explain definitions in mental health, including deviation from ideal mental health, deviation from social or cultural norms, failure to function adequately and statistical infrequency.
  • Describe behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
  • Explain and treat phobias using the behavioural approach, including the two-process model, systematic desensitisation and flooding.
  • Explain and treat depression using the cognitive approach, including Beck's negative triad, Ellis's ABC model and cognitive behaviour therapy.
  • Explain and treat OCD using the biological approach, including genetic explanations, neural explanations and drug therapy.

Key terms

conformityinternalisationAschobedienceMilgramlocus of controlExplainminority influencememorymulti-store modelCompareworking memory model

Exam tips

  • Social influence Psychology exam tip 1: Separate AO1 description from AO3 evaluation before writing the answer. Apply this to explain types of conformity including internalisation and compliance..
  • Social influence Psychology exam tip 1: Separate AO1 description from AO3 evaluation before writing the answer. Apply this to explain conformity using informational social influence, normative social influence and variables investigated by Asch..

Common mistakes

  • Social influence Psychology mistake 1: Add AO3 by explaining why evidence, validity, reliability, bias or methodology strengthens or limits the claim, because evaluation must show the effect on the conclusion. Apply this directly to Social influence.
  • Social influence Psychology mistake 1: Add AO3 by explaining why evidence, validity, reliability, bias or methodology strengthens or limits the claim, because evaluation must show the effect on the conclusion. Apply this directly to Social influence.

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