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Identification of ions and gases
Explain the procedures for testing and identifying the following anions: (a) carbonate (CO₃²⁻) through its reaction with dilute acid and subsequent carbon dioxide gas detection; (b) halides (chloride Cl⁻, bromide Br⁻, iodide I⁻) by acidifying with dilute nitric acid followed by the addition of aqueous silver nitrate; (c) nitrate (NO₃⁻) by reduction with aluminum foil and sodium hydroxide, then testing for ammonia gas; (d) sulfate (SO₄²⁻) by acidifying with dilute nitric acid and adding barium nitrate; (e) sulfite (SO₃²⁻) through reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII).
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- Explain the procedures for testing and identifying the following anions: (a) carbonate (CO₃²⁻) through its reaction with dilute acid and subsequent carbon dioxide gas detection; (b) halides (chloride Cl⁻, bromide Br⁻, iodide I⁻) by acidifying with dilute nitric acid followed by the addition of aqueous silver nitrate; (c) nitrate (NO₃⁻) by reduction with aluminum foil and sodium hydroxide, then testing for ammonia gas; (d) sulfate (SO₄²⁻) by acidifying with dilute nitric acid and adding barium nitrate; (e) sulfite (SO₃²⁻) through reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII).
- Outline the tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and ammonia to identify the following cations: (a) aluminum (Al³⁺), (b) ammonium (NH₄⁺), (c) calcium (Ca²⁺), (d) chromium(III) (Cr³⁺), (e) copper(II) (Cu²⁺), (f) iron(III) (Fe³⁺), (g) iron(II) (Fe²⁺), (h) zinc (Zn²⁺).
- Detail the tests for identifying the following gases: (a) ammonia (NH₃) using damp red litmus paper; (b) carbon dioxide (CO₂) with limewater; (c) chlorine (Cl₂) using damp litmus paper; (d) hydrogen (H₂) with a lighted splint; (e) oxygen (O₂) using a glowing splint; (f) sulfur dioxide (SO₂) with acidified potassium manganate(VII).
- Explain how to use a flame test to identify the following cations: (a) lithium (Li⁺), (b) sodium (Na⁺), (c) potassium (K⁺), (d) calcium (Ca²⁺), (e) barium (Ba²⁺), (f) copper(II) (Cu²⁺).
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