Urban settlements

Students should be able to describe and explain the features and transformations of land use in urban environments, including the Central Business District (CBD), residential zones, industrial sectors, and the rural-urban fringe, across various economic contexts. They should also discuss the impacts of land use changes and rapid urbanization, such as urban sprawl, and identify the challenges faced by urban areas, including different pollution types (air, noise, water, visual), social inequality, housing problems, traffic congestion, and disputes regarding land use changes. A case study of an urban area or areas is required.