The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only) key terms

Patronage

The support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another, often used in the context of political appointments.

Factionalism

The formation of factions or groups within a political context, often leading to rivalry and competition for power and influence.

Succession Crisis

The uncertainty surrounding the rightful heir to the English throne, particularly involving Mary, Queen of Scots.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in the political landscape of Europe.

Enclosure

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms, which often displaced peasant farmers and contributed to social unrest.

Northern Rebellion

A 1569 uprising by northern English nobles aimed at deposing Elizabeth I and placing Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy, particularly through trade and colonization.

Joint-stock company

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, facilitating investment in trade and exploration.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the value of human beings and the study of classical texts.

Golden Age

A period of great cultural achievement in England during Elizabeth I's reign, marked by advancements in literature, art, and exploration.

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, ultimately defeated, marking a turning point in naval power.

Act of Supremacy

Legislation passed in 1559 that established the monarch as the head of the Church of England, reaffirming Protestantism.