Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920 revision notes

Key Themes and Figures

Political Tensions and Divisions

• The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a significant backlash against Big Business, with movements emerging at both national and state levels. This reaction was fueled by concerns over monopolies and the influence of corporations on politics.

Influential Leaders

• William Jennings Bryan: A prominent figure in the Populist movement, advocating for the rights of farmers and laborers.
• Theodore Roosevelt: A key Progressive leader who championed reforms aimed at curbing corporate power and promoting social justice.
• William Howard Taft: Roosevelt's successor, whose presidency continued Progressive reforms but faced challenges that led to a split in the Republican Party.
• Woodrow Wilson: Introduced the New Freedom program, focusing on economic reforms and anti-trust legislation.

Economic Changes

• The U.S. emerged as a dominant economic and industrial power, leading to significant changes in labor, production, and trade practices. This period also saw the rise of consumer culture and the impact of industrialization on society.

Social Developments

• Mass immigration and urbanization transformed American society, leading to new cultural dynamics and challenges. The position of African-Americans remained precarious, with systemic racism and segregation prevalent.

Foreign Affairs

• The U.S. engaged in imperialism, notably through the acquisition of territories such as the Philippines following the Spanish-American War. The construction of the Panama Canal symbolized American expansionism.
• The First World War marked a pivotal moment, with the U.S. initially maintaining neutrality before entering the conflict, which reshaped its role on the global stage.

The USA by 1920

• By the end of this period, the U.S. had solidified its status as an economic power, yet faced significant social and ethnic divisions. Political reactions included a renewed isolationism as the nation grappled with its identity and future direction.