The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only) revision notes

The Restoration of Papal Authority (1553–1558)

Mary I's accession to the throne marked a significant turning point in English history, particularly concerning the religious landscape. Her aims were clear: to restore Catholicism and reverse the Protestant reforms initiated by her father, Henry VIII. However, her reign was fraught with challenges, including opposition from Protestant factions, the complexities of her marriage to Philip II of Spain, and the limitations of her power.

Key Themes:

1. Mary’s Accession and Aims:

• Mary sought to re-establish the authority of the Pope and Catholic doctrine in England.
• Her first Parliament faced significant opposition, particularly regarding the Royal Supremacy and the implications of her Spanish marriage.

1. Restoration of Papal Authority:

• The second Parliament in 1555 was pivotal in restoring Papal Authority, leading to the repeal of Protestant laws.
• Despite her efforts, the extent of restoration was limited by political realities and public sentiment.

1. Persecution and Reform:

• Mary’s reign is marked by the persecution of Protestants, which was justified as a means to reform Catholicism.
• The involvement of Cardinal Pole in these reforms highlights the tension between reform and persecution.

1. Opposition and Conformity:

• The Wyatt Rebellion exemplified the opposition to Mary’s policies, particularly her marriage to Philip II.
• Despite resistance, there was also a degree of conformity among the populace, influenced by the war with France and the loss of Calais.