The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149 key terms

Outremer

The term used to refer to the Crusader states established in the Levant during the Crusades, particularly the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Crusader States

Feudal states established by Western European crusaders in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, and the Principality of Antioch.

Crusader States

Territories in the Levant established by European Christians during the Crusades, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a sacred place for religious reasons, significant in the context of the Crusades as many traveled to Jerusalem.

Crusader States

Territories established by Western European crusaders in the Levant during the Crusades, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which served as a base for Christian rule.

Saladin

A prominent Muslim leader known for his role in the Crusades, particularly for his efforts to reclaim Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

Crusader states

Territories established by European Christians in the Levant during the Crusades, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Zengi's policies

Strategies implemented by Zengi to unify Muslim factions and promote military action against the Crusader states.

Crusader States

Territories established by European Christians in the Holy Land during the Crusades, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which faced constant threats from Muslim forces.

Papal Bull

An official letter or charter issued by the Pope, often used to call for action, such as the Papal Bull issued by Pope Eugene III to initiate the Second Crusade.

Outremer

The term used to describe the Crusader states established in the Levant during the Crusades.

Zengi

A prominent Muslim leader who was instrumental in the defense against the Crusaders and the recapture of Edessa.