Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only) revision notes

Overview of Spain's Power

During the reign of Philip II, Spain emerged as a dominant European power, characterized by its vast empire and military strength. This period saw significant developments in Spain's political, military, and economic landscape, as well as its interactions with other European powers.

Key Themes:

1. Philip’s Inheritance and Ambitions: Understand the legacy Philip II inherited from his father, Charles V, and his ambitions to expand Spanish influence across Europe.
2. Military Strength: Analyze the role of the Spanish army and navy in establishing and maintaining Spain's power, including key battles and naval engagements.
3. French Power: Examine how Spain's actions in Italy and France contributed to the decline of French influence during this period.
4. Mediterranean Control: Discuss Spain's efforts to challenge Ottoman power in the Mediterranean and the significance of the conquest of Portugal.
5. Dutch Revolt and Relations with England: Explore the causes and consequences of the Revolt in the Netherlands and Spain's conflicts with England, including the implications for European politics.
6. New World Expansion: Assess Spain's colonial ambitions in the Americas, focusing on settlement, trade, and the impact of empire on both Spain and indigenous populations.
7. International Position by 1598: Evaluate the extent of Spain's power by the end of Philip II's reign, questioning whether this power was an illusion or a reality.